Unimodular cosmology and the weight of energy

Some models are presented in which the strength of the gravitational coupling of the potential energy relative to the same coupling for the kinetic energy is, in a precise sense, adjustable. The gauge symmetry of these models consists of those coordinate changes with unit jacobian.Comment: LaTeX, 23 pages, conclusions expanded. Two paragraphs and a new reference adde

Modelización de datos longitudinales con estructuras de covarianza no estacionarias: modelos de coeficientes aleatorios frente a modelos alternativos

Un tema que ha suscitado el interés de los investigadores en datos longitudinales durante las dos últimas décadas, ha sido el desarrollo y uso de modelos paramétricos explícitos para la estructura de covarianza de los datos. Sin embargo, el análisis de estructuras de covarianza no estacionarias en el contexto de datos longitudinales no se ha realizado de forma detallada principalmente debido a que las distintas aplicaciones no hacían necesario su uso. Muchos son los modelos propuestos recientemente, pero la mayoría son estacionarios de segundo orden. Algunos de éstos, sin embargo, no son estacionarios y suficientemente flexibles, de tal forma que es posible modelizar varianzas no constantes y/o correlaciones que no sean sólo función del tiempo que separa a dos observaciones dadas. Estudiaremos algunas de estas propuestas y las compararemos con los modelos de coeficientes aleatorios, evaluando sus ventajas y desventajas e indicando cuándo su uso no es apropiado o útil. Presentaremos dos ejemplos para ilustrar el ajuste de estos modelos y los compararemos entre sí, mostrando de esta forma cómo pueden modelizarse datos longitudinales de forma efectiva y simple. En estos ejemplos, los distintos modelos alternativos, especialmente los modelos antedependientes, fueron superiores a los modelos de coeficientes aleatorios

The future of the indigenous freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius italicus in Basque Country streams: Is it possible to survive being an inconvenient species?

The white-clawed freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius italicus is listed as “vulnerable” in the Spanish Red List of threatened species, but local legislation varies among Spanish regions. Thus, while in some places the species is classified as “in risk of extinction” and various plans of conservation and restoration have been implemented, in the Basque Country and other regions the species is not listed. The distribution of the white-clawed crayfish in the province of Biscay (Basque Country) was studied from 1993 to 2007 at more than 600 sampling locations. Results show that 108 streams were inhabited by the native crayfish species A. italicus while 137 streams were inhabited by non-native signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus or red-swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The spread of non-native crayfish is not the only threat to the native species whose survival is also closely dependent on how watersheds are managed. Most A. italicus populations inhabit headwaters, where forestry activities are very important. The presence of native crayfish in heavily forested areas results in a conflict of interests and makes its conservation particularly difficult. We employed a SWOT analysis – an assessment and decision tool commonly used in marketing and business – to evaluate the situation of the native white-clawed crayfish in Biscay, a province characterized by very high demographic pressure. SWOT analysis has proved to be a useful diagnostic tool and can help develop better and more accurate management strategies for the conservation of native crayfish threatened by multiple stressors

Cambios en las condiciones físicas, químicas y faunísticas de un sistema fluvial (río Oma, Bizkaia), y desaparición de una población de cangrejo autóctono (Austropotamobius pallipes) : ¿causa y/o efecto?

El Oma (cuenca del río Oka, provincia de Bizkaia) es un pequeño río relativamente poco alterado que recorre terrenos de uso forestal, agrícola y ganadero. En él habitaba una población bien establecida de cangrejo autóctono Austropotamobius pallipes, pero ésta había desaparecido en el verano de 1995, sin que se hubieran registrado mortandades masivas como las características de un episodio de afanomicosis. En este trabajo se estudia la evolución de las condiciones fisicoquímicas y de las comunidades bentónicas estivales del río Oma desde el año 1994 hasta el 2001, comparado esta dinámica respecto a las condiciones generales que presentan los hábitats de otras poblaciones de cangrejo autóctono en la red fluvial del entorno. Aparte de esta desaparición del cangrejo, también se han detectado cambios en algunas condiciones del agua así como en la composición faunística de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados. Se describen estos cambios temporales y se discuten sus posibles causas, especialmente la que ha generado la extinción de la especie protegida (influencia de depredadores, pérdida de calidad de hábitat por vertidos o lixiviados, intervenciones en cauce), pero aunque en otras cuencas cercanas se ha podido encontrar la causa principal de mortandad y/o desaparición de cangrejos, no así en el Oma, en donde podría haber tenido lugar una sinergia entre varios factores. No obstante, la evolución temporal del sistema río en los últimos años parece presentar una tendencia a recuperar las condiciones que tenía en el año 1994, tanto en la fisicoquímica como en la composición faunística.The Oma (Oka basin, province of Biscay) is a relatively little perturbed river, which runs through places where the main activities are forestry, agriculture and cattle raising. The native crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes was well established on it but in the summer of 1995 this population had disappeared. Crayfish mass mortalities that could have been due to the crayfish plague were not detected. The main objective of this work is to study the changes of abiotic and biotic summer conditions of the Oma River from 1994 to 2001. The Oma River conditions are compared with the general conditions of the close fluvial reaches inhabited by native crayfish. In addition to the disappearance of the crayfish population, changes in water chemistry and faunal composition of the benthic community were detected. Temporal variations are described in this work and the possible causes are also discussed, especially those related with the extinction of the protected species (predators' influence, decrease of the habitat quality by leaches, works on the riverbed). We have been able to detect the main cause for the mortality and/or disappearance of crayfish in other close fluvial zones, but not in the Oma River. In this stream it could have been due to the synergic interaction of several factors. However, the temporal evolution of the river system in the last years seems to show a trend to recover the conditions of the river on both physicochemical quality and faunal composition, that had in 1994

Cavity-Enhanced Two-Photon Interference using Remote Quantum Dot Sources

Quantum dots in cavities have been shown to be very bright sources of indistinguishable single photons. Yet the quantum interference between two bright quantum dot sources, a critical step for photon based quantum computation, has never been investigated. Here we report on such a measurement, taking advantage of a deterministic fabrication of the devices. We show that cavity quantum electrodynamics can efficiently improve the quantum interference between remote quantum dot sources: poorly indistinguishable photons can still interfere with good contrast with high quality photons emitted by a source in the strong Purcell regime. Our measurements and calculations show that cavity quantum electrodynamics is a powerful tool for interconnecting several devices.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures (Supp. Mat. attached

Operation speed of polariton condensate switches gated by excitons

We present a time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) study in real- and momentum-space of a polariton condensate switch in a quasi-1D semiconductor microcavity. The polariton flow across the ridge is gated by excitons inducing a barrier potential due to repulsive interactions. A study of the device operation dependence on the power of the pulsed gate beam obtains a satisfactory compromise for the ON/OFF-signal ratio and -switching time of the order of 0.3 and $\thicksim50$ ps, respectively. The opposite transition is governed by the long-lived gate excitons, consequently the OFF/ON-switching time is $\thicksim200$ ps, limiting the overall operation speed of the device to $\thicksim3$ GHz. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations based on a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation, taking into account incoherent pumping, decay and energy relaxation within the condensate.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure

Treatment of sunitinib-induced hypertension in solid tumor by nitric oxide donors

[Abstract] Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) are overexpressed in the majority of renal cell carcinomas. This characteristic has supported the rationale of targeting VEGF-driven tumour vascularization, especially in clear cell RCC. VEGF-inhibiting strategies include the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sunitinib, axitinib, pazopanib, and sorafenib) and neutralizing antibodies such as bevacizumab. Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most common adverse effects of angiogenesis inhibitors. HTN observed in clinical trials appears to correlate with the potency of VEGF kinase inhibitor against VEGFR-2: agents with higher potency are associated with a higher incidence of HTN. Although the exact mechanism by tyrosine kinase inhibitors induce HTN has not yet been completely clarified, two key hypotheses have been postulated. First, some studies have pointed to a VEGF inhibitors-induced decrease in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, that can result in vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. VEGF, mediated by PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathway, upregulates the endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme leading to up-regulation of NO production. So inhibition of signaling through the VEGF pathway would lead to a decrease in NO production, resulting in an increase in vascular resistance and blood pressure. Secondly a decrease in the number of microvascular endothelial cells and subsequent depletion of normal microvessel density (rarefaction) occurs upon VEGF signaling inhibition. NO donors could be successfully used not only for the treatment of developed angiogenesis-inhibitor-induced hypertension but also for preventive effects